Guidance arises from Robert Hoberman (private telecommunications). That it is apparently generally affiliate of the Jewish dialects regarding a great many other locations with the region as well, together with Aqra and you will Rawanduz.
Although not, in this dialect there can be a very strange change away from h in order to h in the 3rd individual only one 
possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): The language of the Jews of Iranian Azerbaijan, and additionally communities in the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you may Yuksekova. Info is from Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): What of your Jews off Halabja to your Iran-Iraq edging. This is extremely around the Jewish languages of the almost every other cities of one’s part, along with Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and Panjwin. Advice is inspired by my notes.
We are going to evaluate these types of languages for twenty-five phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and lexical requirements. Following the Hetzron (1976, 98), we have chose just innovations as the criteria getting group. I have picked a good disproportionate level of morphological requirements, therefore we will provide them with special lbs, again following the Hetzron, but almost every other mutual designs would be thought to be really.
Mention also the harder maintenance as well as insertion off inside Koy Sanjaq advertised by Hoberman (1985)
While we evaluate the brand new languages out-of NENA we will just be sure to dictate the brand new the amount that the new dialects share a definite development and that differs from Turoyo and you can Mandaic. At the same time, we will come across bundles of isoglosses in this NENA.
(1) Worry tends to be penultimate in all this new NA languages, and additionally Turoyo and you can Mandaic not throughout the around three easternmost Jewish languages, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you can Halabja, which will be concerned the final syllable. Such dialects have a look, along these lines, like in even more (Garbell 1965), to display an abnormally solid influence from Kurdish.
(2) All the NENA languages keeps merged h and you will x. Within the Hertevin as a result, h, and you will every-where else it is x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you will dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]a good ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and you will +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)
Both Turoyo and you can Mandaic maintain separate h and you can x. Specific NENA languages keeps reintroduced h because a borrowing from the bank away from Kurdish or Arabic or off Classical Syriac otherwise Hebrew.(5) not, the inherited code continuously reveals x. Such, inside the Tisqopa there are borrowed Arabic conditions, particularly sahabi ‘friend’, having h, however, passed down words such as for instance laxma ‘bread’ continuously tell you x. (6)
(3) Most of the NENA dialects except Hertevin and you can Zakho have lost most instances out-of inherited. For example, within the Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ equal to Syriac arb a good and you can afra. Within the Hertevin and in Zakho, handed down is actually continuously ?: Hertevin thus?a good ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?los angeles ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you may Alon 1979, 189). A number of most other dialects most are kept as ?, and, regarding other individuals, is finished totally. Particular dialects keeps reintroduced lent out-of Arabic or Kurdish. Such as, Halabja provides ayza ‘good’.
(4) In the prior to languages away from Aramaic, as with Tiberian Hebrew, t turned into [Theta] immediately after a great vowel. This alternation might have been lexicalized from inside the NENA, which have sometimes t otherwise [Theta] distribute due to whole paradigms, if or not preceded from the a beneficial vowel or not. For example, for the Aradhin the new verb ‘come’ presently has [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, plus [Theta]e:los angeles ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Then, in a few dialects the fresh phoneme [Theta] features undergone even more alter. In a number of languages [Theta] possess blended back to t, and also in someone else it has become s if not l.(7) In a single dialect, Jilu, it has become h right after which already been removed but within beginning of a keyword. The three easternmost Jewish dialects express the newest surprising move out of [Theta] to one. The outcome of those change can be seen regarding the term ‘house’ hence appears in almost any dialects since the become:[Thetan excellent]a good (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and besa (Sanandaj Christian).